Trauma in cultural contexts: translating Impact of event scale-revised
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Apr 14, 2017
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Abstract
The present study evaluates the back translation in Urdu and factor structure. Of Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The scale was administered to 446 adolescents in Pakistan with modifications to time frame. Indirect traumatic exposure had occurred over six months to 2 years ago. Cronbach alpha coefficients of .78 for Intrusion subscale, .74 for Avoidance subscale and .66 for Hyperarousal subscales; and .88 for total scale score are reported. Principal component analysis revealed a 3-factor solution explaining 45 % of the variance; factor structure was not similar to the proposed theoretical structure of IES-R. Endemic characteristics and cultural setup of the country highlight need to understand development and expression of trauma in cultural milieu and direct future research for intervention strategies in schools.
Keywords: indirect exposure, trauma, adolescents, factor structure
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References
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Altaf, M., Noushad, S., Ahmed, S., Azher, S. Z., & Tahir, S. M. (2014). Emotional stress estimation in general population. International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research, 2(1), 34-37.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington D. C: Author.
Asfour, H. I. A., & Ramadan, F. H (2011). Posttraumatic stress among undergraduate emergency nursing students. Journal of American Science, 7(6). Retrieved from: http://www.americanscience.org
Asukai, N., Kato, H., Kawamura, N., Kim, Y., Yamamoto, K., Kishimoto, J., & Nishizono-Maher, A. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): Four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Ment Dis., 190(3), 175-82.
Baguena M. J., Villarroya E., Belen a A., Diaz A., Roldan C., & Reig, R. (2001). Propiedades psicometricas de la ersio´n espan ola de la escala revisida de Impacto del Estresor (EIE-R). Analisis y Modificacion de Conducta 27:581–604.
Baumert, J., Simon, H., Gundel, H., Schmitt, C. & Ladwig, K. (2004). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Evaluation of the subscales and correlations to psychophysiological startle response patterns in survivors of a life-threatening cardiac event. An analysis of 129 patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 29-41.
Blom, M., & Oberink, R. (2012). The validity of the DSM-IV PTSD criteria in children and adolescents: a review. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 17(4), 571-601. doi: 10.1177/1359104511426408.
Brunet, A., St-Hilaire, A., Jehel, L., King, S. (2003). Validation of a French version of the impact of event scale-revised. Can J Psychiatry, 48(1), 56-61.
Cohen J. A., Berliner L, & Mannarino, A. P. (2000). Treating traumatizing children: a research review and synthesis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 1, 29-47
Dawson, J., Ariadurai, A., Fernando, A., & Refuge, N. (2007). Exploratory factor analysis of a Sri Lankan version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-SL). Retrieved from: http://traumaid.org/TraumaResearch.aspx
Eckardt, E. (2008). Post-traumatic symptoms in college students exposed to high – magnitude
versus low – magnitude stressors (Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis). Auburn University- psychology department. Alabama.
Ehring, T., Razik, S., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2011). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and burnout in Pakistani earthquake recovery workers. Psychiatry Research, 185, 161–166.
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Farooqi, Y. N., Tariq, S., & Burns, D. D. (2010). Gender differences in anxiety among Pakistani survivors of suicide bomb blast. International Journal of Peace and Development Studies, 1(1), 1-5.
Gargurevich, R., Luyten, P., Fils, J. F., & Corveleyn, J. (2009). Factor structure of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised in two different Peruvian samples. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), E91–E98. doi: 10.1002/da.20430.
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Maercker A, (1998). Schu¨ tzwohl M. Erfassung von psychischen belastungsfolgen: die Impact of Event Skala-Revidierte Version (IESR). Diagnostica, 44, 130–141.
Naz, M. A., & Siddiqui, S. (2010). Development of an indigenous scale for adolescent school girls. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 25(2), 115-130.
Naz, M., Saleem, S., & Mehmood, Z. (2010). Development of indigenous resilience scale for Rescue 1122 workers. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 25(2), 149-163.
Niaz, U. (2011). Wars, insurgencies and terrorist attacks: A psychosocial perspective from the Muslim world. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., Kanias & ty, K. (2002). 60,000 Disaster victims speak, part I: An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207–239.
Pakistan Economic Survey. (2013-14). Retrieved from: http://finance.gov.pk/survey_1314.html
(http://finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_14/12_Population.pdf
Razik, S., Ehring, T., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2013). Psychological consequences of terrorist attacks: prevalence and predictors of mental health problems in Pakistani emergency responders. Psychiatry Res., 15(1-2), 80-85. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.031.
Syed, H. R., Zachrisson, H. D., Dalgard, O.S. Dalen, I., & Ahlberg, N. (2008). Concordance between Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-10) and Pakistan Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire (PADQ), in a rural self-motivated population in Pakistan. BMC Psychiatry, 8(59). doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-59
SPARC - Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child. (2011). parcpk. Retrieved from: org/PA- VAC. Html
Sveen, J., Low, A., Dyster-Aas, J., Ekselius, L., Willebrand, M., & Gerdin, B. (2010). Validation of Swedish version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in patients with burns. J. Anxiety Disor., 24(6), 618-622.
Urdu—National Language of Pakistan. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sanlp.org/HUMT/Urdu.htm
Weiss D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The impact of events scale-revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press.
Wilson, J. P. (2007). The Lens of Culture: Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives in the Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD. In J. P Wilson & C. S. Tang (Eds.), Cross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Springer: USA.
Yazdani, A., & Shafi, Khalida. (2014). Indirect Exposure to violence and prevalence of vicarious trauma in adolescents. Bahria Journal of Professional Psychology, 13, 57-71.
Yazdani, A., Zadeh, Z.F., & Shafi, K. (2015). Gender differences in adolescents experiencing vicarious trauma. Pakistan Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 27-39.
Altaf, M., Noushad, S., Ahmed, S., Azher, S. Z., & Tahir, S. M. (2014). Emotional stress estimation in general population. International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research, 2(1), 34-37.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington D. C: Author.
Asfour, H. I. A., & Ramadan, F. H (2011). Posttraumatic stress among undergraduate emergency nursing students. Journal of American Science, 7(6). Retrieved from: http://www.americanscience.org
Asukai, N., Kato, H., Kawamura, N., Kim, Y., Yamamoto, K., Kishimoto, J., & Nishizono-Maher, A. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): Four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Ment Dis., 190(3), 175-82.
Baguena M. J., Villarroya E., Belen a A., Diaz A., Roldan C., & Reig, R. (2001). Propiedades psicometricas de la ersio´n espan ola de la escala revisida de Impacto del Estresor (EIE-R). Analisis y Modificacion de Conducta 27:581–604.
Baumert, J., Simon, H., Gundel, H., Schmitt, C. & Ladwig, K. (2004). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Evaluation of the subscales and correlations to psychophysiological startle response patterns in survivors of a life-threatening cardiac event. An analysis of 129 patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 29-41.
Blom, M., & Oberink, R. (2012). The validity of the DSM-IV PTSD criteria in children and adolescents: a review. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 17(4), 571-601. doi: 10.1177/1359104511426408.
Brunet, A., St-Hilaire, A., Jehel, L., King, S. (2003). Validation of a French version of the impact of event scale-revised. Can J Psychiatry, 48(1), 56-61.
Cohen J. A., Berliner L, & Mannarino, A. P. (2000). Treating traumatizing children: a research review and synthesis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 1, 29-47
Dawson, J., Ariadurai, A., Fernando, A., & Refuge, N. (2007). Exploratory factor analysis of a Sri Lankan version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-SL). Retrieved from: http://traumaid.org/TraumaResearch.aspx
Eckardt, E. (2008). Post-traumatic symptoms in college students exposed to high – magnitude
versus low – magnitude stressors (Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis). Auburn University- psychology department. Alabama.
Ehring, T., Razik, S., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2011). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and burnout in Pakistani earthquake recovery workers. Psychiatry Research, 185, 161–166.
Eid, J., Larsson, G., Johnsen, B. H., Laberg, J. C., Bartone, P. T., & Carlstedt, B. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Norwegian Impact of Event Scale-Revised in a non-clinical sample. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 63(5), 426-432.
Farooqi, Y. N., Tariq, S., & Burns, D. D. (2010). Gender differences in anxiety among Pakistani survivors of suicide bomb blast. International Journal of Peace and Development Studies, 1(1), 1-5.
Gargurevich, R., Luyten, P., Fils, J. F., & Corveleyn, J. (2009). Factor structure of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised in two different Peruvian samples. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), E91–E98. doi: 10.1002/da.20430.
Hinton, D. E., & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2011). The cross-cultural validity of posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for DSM-5. Depress Anxiety, 28(9), 783-801. doi: 10.1002/da.20753.
Human Rights Commission South Asia. (2011). Karachi: 7,000 children kidnapped in 2011. Retrieved from: http://www. hrcsa. org/UN%20Commission%20on%20 Human%20Rights. htm
Khalily, M. T. (2011). Mental health problems in Pakistani society as a consequence of violence and trauma: a case for better integration of care. International Journal of Integrated Care, 7. doi: 10-1-101574 / ijic2011-128
Khalily, M.T., Gul, S., Mushtaq, R., & Jahangir, S.F. (2012). To examine delayed PTSD symptomatology over time among trauma survivors in Pakistan. TOJCE: The Online Journal of Counselling and Education, 1(1), 1-11. Retrieved from http://www.tojce.com/frontend/articles/pdf/v01i01/j1.pdf
Lerias, D., & Byrne, M. K. (2003). Vicarious traumatization: symptoms and predictors. Stress and Health, 19, 129–138. doi: 10. 1002/smi. 969
Lim, H. K., Woo, J. M., Kim, T. S., Kim, T. H., Choi, K. S., Chung, S. K., & Chae, J. H. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Compr Psychiatry, 50(4), 385-90. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.09.011.
Maercker A, (1998). Schu¨ tzwohl M. Erfassung von psychischen belastungsfolgen: die Impact of Event Skala-Revidierte Version (IESR). Diagnostica, 44, 130–141.
Naz, M. A., & Siddiqui, S. (2010). Development of an indigenous scale for adolescent school girls. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 25(2), 115-130.
Naz, M., Saleem, S., & Mehmood, Z. (2010). Development of indigenous resilience scale for Rescue 1122 workers. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 25(2), 149-163.
Niaz, U. (2011). Wars, insurgencies and terrorist attacks: A psychosocial perspective from the Muslim world. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., Kanias & ty, K. (2002). 60,000 Disaster victims speak, part I: An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207–239.
Pakistan Economic Survey. (2013-14). Retrieved from: http://finance.gov.pk/survey_1314.html
(http://finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_14/12_Population.pdf
Razik, S., Ehring, T., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2013). Psychological consequences of terrorist attacks: prevalence and predictors of mental health problems in Pakistani emergency responders. Psychiatry Res., 15(1-2), 80-85. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.031.
Syed, H. R., Zachrisson, H. D., Dalgard, O.S. Dalen, I., & Ahlberg, N. (2008). Concordance between Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-10) and Pakistan Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire (PADQ), in a rural self-motivated population in Pakistan. BMC Psychiatry, 8(59). doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-59
SPARC - Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child. (2011). parcpk. Retrieved from: org/PA- VAC. Html
Sveen, J., Low, A., Dyster-Aas, J., Ekselius, L., Willebrand, M., & Gerdin, B. (2010). Validation of Swedish version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in patients with burns. J. Anxiety Disor., 24(6), 618-622.
Urdu—National Language of Pakistan. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sanlp.org/HUMT/Urdu.htm
Weiss D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The impact of events scale-revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press.
Wilson, J. P. (2007). The Lens of Culture: Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives in the Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD. In J. P Wilson & C. S. Tang (Eds.), Cross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Springer: USA.
Yazdani, A., & Shafi, Khalida. (2014). Indirect Exposure to violence and prevalence of vicarious trauma in adolescents. Bahria Journal of Professional Psychology, 13, 57-71.
Yazdani, A., Zadeh, Z.F., & Shafi, K. (2015). Gender differences in adolescents experiencing vicarious trauma. Pakistan Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 27-39.