New Regression Equations for Estimating the Maximal Oxygen Uptake of College of Physical Education and Sports Students in Turkey
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Mar 22, 2017
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Abstract
Aerobic endurance describes the ability of the body’s cardio-respiratory system to perform physical activity for an extended period of time and resist fatigue. Standard tests to determine aerobic endurance involves measuring the maximum volume of oxygen (VO2max) an athlete uses up while exercising at maximal capacity. Given that the tests of direct measurement of VO2max needs expensive equipment, a great deal of time, and trained staff with expertise, many researchers have attempted to find indirect and simpler ways of predicting VO2max based on prediction equations. The aim of this study is to establish new prediction equations for estimating the VO2max from gender, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMİ), maximal heart rate (HRmax) and test time (TT) for college-aged students in Turkey. Particularly, 18 students from the College of Physical Education and Sports at Gazi University volunteered for this study. Gender has been used as a common predictor variable in all prediction models. By using different combinations of the rest of predictor variables together with the common predictor variable, twelve VO2max prediction equations have been established with the help of Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The performance of the prediction equations have been evaluated using two well-known metrics, namely standard error of estimate (SEE) and multiple correlation coefficient (R). The results reveal that the regression equation, VO2max = - (12.331 x gender) - (0.805 x age ) + (0.883 x height) - (1.167 x weight) - (0.052 x HRmax) - (0.158 x TT) + 6.473, gave the lowest SEE (i.e3.49 mL.kg-1.min-1) and the highest R (i.e. 0.88). Application of this VO2max regression equation on an independent validation group including 6 subjects yielded an SEE of 6.24 mL.kg-1.min-1.İt can be concluded that in situations where it is difficult or even not possible to measure VO2max using exercise tests, coaches and trainers may use the given equation to predict VO2max of College of Physical Education and Sports students with acceptable error rates.
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References
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Billinger, S. A., Swearingen, E., McClain, M., Lentz, A. A. & Good, M. B. (2012). Recumbent stepper submaximal exercise test to predict peak oxygen uptake. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44 (8), 1539–1544.
Chatterjee, P., Banerjee, A. K. & Das, P. (2010). Applicability of an indirect method to predict maximum oxygen uptake in young Badminton players of Nepal. International Journal of Sports Science & Engineering, 4 (4), 209–214.
Chatterjee, P., Banerjee, A. K., Das, P. & Debnath, P. (2010). A regression equation for the estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in Nepalese adult females. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 1 (1), 41–5.
Davis, J. M., Carlstedt, C. J., Chen, S., Carmichael, M. D. & Murphy, E. A. (2010). The dietary flavonoid quercetin increases VO2max and endurance capacity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20 (1), 56–62.
Hunn, H. M., Lapuma, P. T. & Holt, D. T. (2002). The influence of pre-test anxiety, personality and exercise on VO2max estimation. Journal of Exercise Physiology, 5 (1), 5–14.
Jang, T.-W., Park, S.-G., Kim, H.-R., Kim, J.-M., Hong, Y.-S. & Kim, B.-G. (2012). Estimation of maximal oxygen uptake without exercise testing in Korean healthy adult workers. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 227 (4), 313–319.
Karahan, M. (2012). The effect of skill-based maximal intensity interval training on aerobic and anaerobic performance of female Futsal players. Biology of Sport, 29 (3), 223–227.
Karp, J. R. (2008). An in-depth look at running economy. Track coach, 182, 5801-5806.
Koutlianos, N., Dimitros, E., Metaxas, T., Cansiz, M., Deligiannis, A. & Kouidi, E. (2013). Indirect estimation of VO2max in athletes by ACSM’s equation: Valid or not? Hippokratia, 17 (2), 136–140.
Liberato, S. C., Maple-Brown, L., Bressan, J. & Hills, A. P. (2013). The relationships between body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in young Australian men. Nutrition Journal, 12 (1), 1.
Machado, F. A. & Denadai, B. S. (2013). Predicao da potencia aerobiaVO2max de criancas e adolescentes em teste incremental na esteira rolante. Motriz: Revista de Educacao Fisica, 19 (1), 126–132.
McComb, R., Jacalyn, J., Roh, D. & Williams, J. S. (2006). Explanatory variance in maximal oxygen uptake. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5 (2), 296–303.
Schembre, S. M. & Riebe, D. A. (2011). Non-Exercise estimation of VO2max using the international physical activity questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 15 (3), 168–181.
Silva, G., Oliveira, N. L., Aires, L., Mota, J., Oliveira, J. & Ribeiro, J. C. (2012). Calculation and validation of models for estimating VO2max from the 20-m shuttle run test in children and adolescents. Archives of Exercise in Health and Disease, 3 (1-2), 145–152.
Tonis, T. M., Gorter, K., Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. R. & Hermens, H. (2012). Comparing VO2max determined by using the relation between heart rate and accelerometry with submaximal estimated VO2max. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 52 (4), 337–343.
Da Costa, A. V., da Cunha Costa, M., de Oliveira, S. F. M., de Albuquerque, F. L., Guimaraes, F. J. D. S. P. & Barbosa, T. M. (2013). Validation of an equation for estimating maximal oxygen consumption of nonexpert adult swimmers. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 19.
Billinger, S. A., Swearingen, E., McClain, M., Lentz, A. A. & Good, M. B. (2012). Recumbent stepper submaximal exercise test to predict peak oxygen uptake. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44 (8), 1539–1544.
Chatterjee, P., Banerjee, A. K. & Das, P. (2010). Applicability of an indirect method to predict maximum oxygen uptake in young Badminton players of Nepal. International Journal of Sports Science & Engineering, 4 (4), 209–214.
Chatterjee, P., Banerjee, A. K., Das, P. & Debnath, P. (2010). A regression equation for the estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in Nepalese adult females. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 1 (1), 41–5.
Davis, J. M., Carlstedt, C. J., Chen, S., Carmichael, M. D. & Murphy, E. A. (2010). The dietary flavonoid quercetin increases VO2max and endurance capacity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20 (1), 56–62.
Hunn, H. M., Lapuma, P. T. & Holt, D. T. (2002). The influence of pre-test anxiety, personality and exercise on VO2max estimation. Journal of Exercise Physiology, 5 (1), 5–14.
Jang, T.-W., Park, S.-G., Kim, H.-R., Kim, J.-M., Hong, Y.-S. & Kim, B.-G. (2012). Estimation of maximal oxygen uptake without exercise testing in Korean healthy adult workers. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 227 (4), 313–319.
Karahan, M. (2012). The effect of skill-based maximal intensity interval training on aerobic and anaerobic performance of female Futsal players. Biology of Sport, 29 (3), 223–227.
Karp, J. R. (2008). An in-depth look at running economy. Track coach, 182, 5801-5806.
Koutlianos, N., Dimitros, E., Metaxas, T., Cansiz, M., Deligiannis, A. & Kouidi, E. (2013). Indirect estimation of VO2max in athletes by ACSM’s equation: Valid or not? Hippokratia, 17 (2), 136–140.
Liberato, S. C., Maple-Brown, L., Bressan, J. & Hills, A. P. (2013). The relationships between body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in young Australian men. Nutrition Journal, 12 (1), 1.
Machado, F. A. & Denadai, B. S. (2013). Predicao da potencia aerobiaVO2max de criancas e adolescentes em teste incremental na esteira rolante. Motriz: Revista de Educacao Fisica, 19 (1), 126–132.
McComb, R., Jacalyn, J., Roh, D. & Williams, J. S. (2006). Explanatory variance in maximal oxygen uptake. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5 (2), 296–303.
Schembre, S. M. & Riebe, D. A. (2011). Non-Exercise estimation of VO2max using the international physical activity questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 15 (3), 168–181.
Silva, G., Oliveira, N. L., Aires, L., Mota, J., Oliveira, J. & Ribeiro, J. C. (2012). Calculation and validation of models for estimating VO2max from the 20-m shuttle run test in children and adolescents. Archives of Exercise in Health and Disease, 3 (1-2), 145–152.
Tonis, T. M., Gorter, K., Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. R. & Hermens, H. (2012). Comparing VO2max determined by using the relation between heart rate and accelerometry with submaximal estimated VO2max. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 52 (4), 337–343.
Da Costa, A. V., da Cunha Costa, M., de Oliveira, S. F. M., de Albuquerque, F. L., Guimaraes, F. J. D. S. P. & Barbosa, T. M. (2013). Validation of an equation for estimating maximal oxygen consumption of nonexpert adult swimmers. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 19.